A light closed horse-drawn carriage with the driver outside in front.
Invented by Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain, a brougham was a four-wheeled horse-drawn carriage of the 1800s. It had a low body with a box seat in front for the driver. In the rear was seating for two or four with two doors.
A four-wheeled carriage with a driver’s seat high in front, two double seats inside facing each other, and a folding top over the back seat.
A barouche, also known as a calash or calèshe, was a fashionable type of horse-drawn carriage in the 19th century. It was a four-wheeled vehicle with two double seats, a collapsible hood over the back seat and an outside box seat at the front for the driver. It was drawn by pairs of high-quality horses and was used principally for leisure driving in the summer.
The word barouche is an anglicisation of the German word barutsche, via the Italian biroccio and ultimately from the Latin birotus, “two-wheeled”. (The name was thus something of a misnomer, as the carriage had four wheels; but it had evolved considerably since the name was first coined.)
A light two-wheeled one-horse carriage.
A Gig is a 2-wheeled cart to be pulled by a horse. Gig carts are constructed with the driver’s seat sitting higher than the level of the shafts. Traditionally, a Gig is more formal than a Village cart and Meadowbrook cart.
A four-wheel carriage with a top divided into two sections that can be let down, thrown back, or removed and with a raised seat outside for the driver. Illustration: http://www.m-w.com/mw/art/landau.htm
A landau is a lightweight open carriage on elliptical springs, invented in the 18th century (first noted in English in 1743 [1]), and named after the city of Landau in the Rhenish Palatinate, French at the time, where they were first produced.
Lord, Hopkinson, coachmakers of Holborn London, produced the first English landaus in the 1830s (Museum Victoria). A landau, drawn by a pair or four-in-hand, is similar to a vis-à-vis, a social carriage with facing seats over a dropped footwell (illustration), which was perfected by mid-19th century in the form of a swept base that flowed in a single curve. Double soft folding tops at front and rear ordinarily lie perfectly flat but in a pinch can completely cover the passengers, latched at the center, with some loss of a graceful line.
Landaus were expensive and luxurious.
